Comparative Systems
India, USA, UK, France
PART I — THE FOUR MODELS
🇮🇳 INDIA
Quasi-Federal Parliamentary
- Federal with strong unitary bias.
- Executive responsible to Legislature.
- President is nominal head; PM is real.
- Independent, integrated judiciary.
🇺🇸 USA
Strict Federal Presidential
- Strict separation of powers.
- President independent of Congress.
- Indestructible union of indestructible states.
- Dual judicial system (Federal + State).
🇬🇧 UK
Unitary Parliamentary
- Parliamentary sovereignty.
- Unitary state (power concentrated at center).
- Unwritten, flexible constitution.
- Monarch is nominal head.
🇫🇷 FRANCE
Semi-Presidential Unitary
- President elected directly (Head of State).
- PM appointed by Pres, responsible to Parliament.
- "Cohabitation" occurs if Pres and PM are from different parties.
- Highly centralized unitary structure.
PART II — SYSTEMIC DYNAMICS
MACRO ARCHITECTURE
Federal vs Unitary
- **Federal System (USA, India, Aus):**
- Written constitution is mandatory.
- Division of powers between Center & States.
- Independent judiciary is essential to resolve disputes.
- **Unitary System (UK, France, Japan):**
- Constitution may be written or unwritten.
- All power flows from the national government.
- Regional governments (if any) exist at the mercy of the center.
Return to Index: Indian Polity