Secular
Neutrality, Equality & Principled Distance
PART I — CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
SUB-REALM 14.1
42nd Amendment 1976
- Added to Preamble
- Explicitly declared
- Implicit before 1976
- Supreme Court affirmed
SUB-REALM 14.2
Positive Secularism
- Equal respect for all
- State protects equally
- Not anti-religious
- Sarva Dharma Sambhava
SUB-REALM 14.3
Western vs Indian
- West: Strict separation
- India: Principled distance
- State supports reforms
- No watertight compartments
SUB-REALM 14.4
Freedom of Religion
- Articles 25 to 28
- Conscience and practice
- Manage religious affairs
- No religious taxation
SUB-REALM 14.5
State Neutrality
- No official religion
- Equal state treatment
- No discrimination (Art 15)
- Secular public education
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