Checks & Balances
Mutual Institutional Controls
PART I — THE EQUILIBRIUM
THE TRIAD WEB
Mutual Controls
- No branch is absolute.
- Power explicitly checks power.
- Creates dynamic equilibrium.
- Prevents institutional autocracy.
LEGISLATIVE CHECK
Exec Accountability
- Exec answers to Legislature.
- No-Confidence Motions (Fatal).
- Question Hour & Debates.
- Budgetary control/approval.
PART II — VETOES & REVIEWS
JUDICIAL CHECK
Judicial Review
- Tests laws against Constitution.
- Strikes down *ultra vires* acts.
- Protects Basic Structure.
- Limits Legislative overreach.
EXECUTIVE CHECK
Veto & Appointments
- President can veto Bills.
- Promulgates ordinances.
- Appoints top Judges (Collegium).
- Pardon power (Judicial check).
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